CPA · CISA · CISM · CDPSE · CCSE · MBA
Advisors analysing quality of earnings and working capital during transaction due diligence

Transaction Advisory and Financial Due Diligence

Quality of earnings, working capital, and the IT and privacy exposure that now decides deal terms as often as the numbers do.

When should transaction advisory and due diligence start in Ventura County?

Before the letter of intent, not after it. Owners usually engage a diligence advisor once an LOI is signed, by which point the price has been agreed against numbers nobody has tested and the negotiating position is already set. The work asks whether reported earnings represent what the business will actually generate for a new owner, and increasingly whether IT and privacy exposure will move the terms.

Transaction advisory and due diligence in Ventura County is the engagement where fee and value are almost never in proportion, in either direction. A modest piece of work moves a purchase price by a multiple of what it cost, or it establishes that everything is as represented and feels expensive for having found nothing.

The work itself is not mysterious. It asks whether the balance sheet contains obligations nobody has recorded, whether working capital has been quietly financed by stretching suppliers, and whether the systems and data underneath the business will survive the transition to a new owner.

Quality of earnings: the core of transaction advisory due diligence in Ventura County

Reported EBITDA is a starting point, not a conclusion. A quality of earnings analysis adjusts it toward what a new owner would actually earn, and the adjustments recur across deals:

  • Owner compensation and personal expenses run through the business, normalised to a market rate for the role, which cuts in both directions
  • Non-recurring items (a legal settlement, a one-off project, a period of unusually favourable pricing) separated from the run rate
  • Revenue recognition tested against what was actually delivered, particularly where contracts span periods or include multiple elements
  • Customer concentration quantified, with the terms and renewal position of the largest relationships examined rather than assumed
  • Accrual completeness, unrecorded liabilities, deferred maintenance, understated vacation accrual, warranty exposure
  • Gross margin trend decomposed into price, volume and cost, because a margin improving for the wrong reason will reverse

Sell-side, the purpose is to find these before the buyer does. A seller who has identified and explained a normalisation adjustment controls the narrative; a seller whose buyer discovers the same item mid-diligence receives a price reduction and a credibility problem that affects every subsequent point.

Working capital, where value quietly moves

Most deals include a working capital adjustment against a target or peg. That mechanism is where a meaningful amount of value moves after the headline price is agreed, and it is consistently under-examined relative to its impact.

The questions: what does normalised working capital actually look like across a full cycle rather than at a convenient month-end; which items belong in the calculation and which are debt-like; how seasonality is handled; and what happens to items whose classification is genuinely arguable, deferred revenue being the perennial dispute.

A seller who has not analysed their own working capital cycle will accept a peg set from a period that flatters the buyer, and will discover the effect at completion when it is no longer negotiable.

IT and data privacy diligence

Increasingly the part of diligence that changes terms rather than just informing them, and the part most mid-market advisors handle superficially.

What gets examined: whether the technology the business depends on is owned or licensed, and whether the licences transfer on a change of control; whether contractor-developed code was assigned properly, or whether a former contractor retains rights to something material; what personal data the business holds, under what legal basis, and what a CCPA, CPRA or GDPR obligation would cost to remediate; whether there has been an unreported security incident; the cybersecurity posture of any system a customer relies on; and technical debt severe enough that the acquirer inherits a rebuild rather than a platform.

This is where holding CISA, CISM and CDPSE alongside the CPA licence produces something a financial diligence team alone does not. A materially deficient privacy position or an unassigned IP chain is a valuation issue, not an IT issue, and it is routinely found late.

Tax exposure in diligence

The recurring findings are the ones covered elsewhere on this site, which is not a coincidence, they accumulate silently and surface under examination.

Unregistered sales tax nexus in states where the target crossed an economic threshold years ago. Workers classified as contractors who do not survive the California ABC test. Payroll registrations missing in states where remote employees live. Unfiled international information returns with penalties assessed per form, per year. And state income tax nexus created by the same remote workforce.

Buyers price these as an indemnity or an escrow. Sellers who quantify and, where possible, remediate them before going to market keep the value instead.

Post-merger integration

The finance and systems integration that follows a deal is where projected synergies are realised or lost, and it is chronically under-resourced because everyone involved is exhausted by the transaction.

Scope typically covers chart of accounts alignment and mapping across the combined entity, consolidation and intercompany process, closing calendar harmonisation, systems rationalisation decisions (including which ERP survives, addressed in the ERP advisory work) and the control environment of the acquired business, which is frequently weaker than the acquirer assumed and now sits within their reporting perimeter.

Javed Peeran CPA

Javed Peeran

CPA · CISA · CISM · CDPSE · CCSE · MBA

Licensed by the California Board of Accountancy and the author of every article published here. Thirty years of practice covering external audit of banks, insurers and mortgage companies, fifteen years as CFO and Corporate Controller inside technology companies, and IT governance and security compliance work spanning SOX 404, SOC 1 and SOC 2, ISO 27001, FISMA, FedRAMP, PCI DSS, HIPAA/HITECH, CCPA and GDPR, plus Oracle ERP migrations and, more recently, generative-AI audit automation.

What the engagement delivers

  • Quality of earnings report with schedule of normalisation adjustments
  • Normalised working capital analysis and peg recommendation
  • Revenue and customer concentration analysis with contract review
  • Unrecorded liability and accrual completeness testing
  • Multi-state and international tax exposure quantification
  • IT diligence covering systems, licensing, IP assignment and technical debt
  • Data privacy and cybersecurity exposure assessment
  • Sell-side readiness report identifying what a buyer will find
  • Post-merger finance and systems integration plan

How a typical engagement runs

  1. Scope to the deal

    Diligence scope is set by deal size, structure and the specific risks in the target, not by a standard template. A $6M acquisition does not need a $60M procedure set.

  2. Data and analysis

    Transaction-level data rather than summary schedules. Most meaningful findings come from the detail, and summary reports are where problems get smoothed away.

  3. Test the story

    Management’s explanation of performance is tested against the underlying records. Where the two diverge, the divergence is the finding.

  4. Report against the deal

    Findings expressed as what they mean for price, structure, indemnity or escrow, not as a list of accounting observations for the reader to interpret.

Transaction Advisory & Due Diligence across Ventura County and Los Angeles

This service is delivered on site and remotely across the firm's service area. See how it applies locally:

Transaction Advisory & Due Diligence: questions we are asked

Not answered here? Ask Javed directly

When should a seller start preparing?

Twelve to eighteen months before going to market, if the goal is to maximise value rather than simply complete a transaction. That window is what allows historical exposure to be remediated rather than merely disclosed, revenue recognition positions to be corrected across a full reporting period, and clean audited or reviewed statements to exist for the periods a buyer will examine.

Starting after a letter of intent is signed means every problem found becomes a price negotiation instead of a fix.

How is quality of earnings different from an audit?

An audit asks whether financial statements are fairly presented under GAAP for a completed period. A quality of earnings analysis asks a forward-looking question that GAAP does not address: what will this business actually generate for a new owner.

The two frequently produce different numbers legitimately. GAAP-compliant revenue may include a contract that will not recur. A GAAP-compliant expense may reflect an owner arrangement a buyer will not continue. Audited statements are a useful input to a QoE and are not a substitute for one.

The buyer is doing their own diligence. Why would we pay for ours?

Because the buyer's diligence exists to find reasons to pay less, and it will succeed. Everything it finds becomes a negotiation you enter without preparation and without a prepared explanation.

Sell-side diligence inverts that. Adjustments you have already identified and can explain are absorbed into the model rather than deducted from the price, and the buyer's confidence in the rest of the numbers rises when the difficult items were disclosed rather than discovered. It is one of the few advisory spends with a directly observable return in the transaction price.

What derails mid-market deals most often?

In rough order of frequency: undisclosed multi-state sales tax exposure; worker classification that fails the California ABC test; customer concentration worse than presented, or a major contract without a change-of-control provision permitting assignment; unassigned intellectual property from contract developers; and an unreported security incident that emerges during technical diligence.

What these share is that they are all findable in advance and all cheaper to remediate than to indemnify.

Do you work on the buy side, the sell side, or both?

Both, though never on both sides of the same transaction. The analytical work is largely identical; the emphasis differs. Buy-side asks what could be wrong here and what should be reflected in the price or the indemnity. Sell-side asks what a buyer will find, and what can be fixed before they look.

Related services

Organisations we have worked with

Three decades of audit, controls and finance leadership across banking, card, mortgage, insurance, staffing and semiconductor.

  • Diodes Incorporated
  • City National Bank
  • Robert Half
  • SMBC
  • PennyMac
  • American Express
  • Zenith Insurance
  • Capco Consulting Services
  • WebVision

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Thirty years of audit, financial leadership and IT governance in one engagement, and a direct answer about scope, sequence and cost before anything is signed.

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